![]() Although the epidemiology of each species differs to a certain extent, transmission requires contamination of fresh water by faeces (intestinal) or urine (urogenital) containing eggs, an intermediate snail host, and human contact with that contaminated water inhabited by the intermediate host snail. The disease is caused by parasitic flukes of the genus Schistosoma and manifests in two forms urogenital schistosomiasis ( Schistosoma haematobium) and intestinal schistosomiasis ( Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma guineensis and Schistosoma intercalatum). ![]() Generally, the highest prevalence and intensity of infections have been found in school-aged children (SAC 5–14 years old), though pre-SAC and adults can also be highly infected. About 92% of those requiring preventive treatment live in sub-Saharan Africa. The World Health Organisation (WHO) strategy for schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. Over the last decade, progress has been made towards achieving schistosomiasis morbidity control in several countries in the sub-Saharan African region, although more remains to be done. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) with over 240 million people infected. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. PHLL and JC acknowledge funding by the European Research Council (Starting Grant SCHISTO_PERSIST 688088) and MRC (MR/P025447/1), and PHLL by EPSRC (EP/T003618/1 and EP/R01437X/1). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: DA, JT, HB, JC, and TDH gratefully acknowledge funding of the NTD Modelling Consortium by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation JT acknowledges funding from the MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis (reference MR/R015600/1), jointly funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO), under the MRC/FCDO Concordat agreement and is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union. Received: JanuAccepted: SeptemPublished: November 17, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Ayabina et al. Santos, Universidade Federal de Alagoas - Campus Arapiraca, BRAZIL PLoS Negl Trop Dis 15(11):Įditor: Victor S. The effect of these risk factors on the burden of infection in males and females varied across studies.Ĭitation: Ayabina DV, Clark J, Bayley H, Lamberton PHL, Toor J, Hollingsworth TD (2021) Gender-related differences in prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma infections in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Across the studies, we identified four major risk factors associated with infection rates: occupational and recreational water contact, knowledge, socio-economic factors and demographic factors. mansoni, with higher M:F prevalence of infection ratios in settings with a lower baseline prevalence of infection. Results of the subgroup analysis showed that the baseline prevalence influenced the M: F prevalence ratios for S. Additionally, there was significant heterogeneity across studies (Higgins I 2 statistic (p-values 95%)). However, females are underrespresented in some of the studies. The meta-analyses summarized a higher prevalence of infection in males pooled random-effects weighted M:F prevalence of infection ratios were 1.20 (95% CI 1.11–1.29) for S. mansoni, respectively) of the reported differences in intensity of infection between males and females were statistically significant. ![]() Similar proportions of studies (27% and 34% for for S. Of all the reported differences in the prevalence of infection between males and females, only 41% and 34% were statistically significant for S. We identified 128 relevant studies, with over 200,000 participants across 23 countries. ![]()
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